Logistics centres: the cornerstone of the supply chain

Logistics centres have become a key player in an evermore complex supply chain. The logistics transformation undergone in recent years has brought about the creation of large logistics operations centres near big cities. At these facilities, various logistics providers share space with the aim of creating synergies, boosting productivity and cutting costs. These areas, also known as logistics zones and hubs, freight villages, and industrial parks, are specifically designed to concentrate logistics and transport activities.

Logistics centres are also associated with fulfilment and distribution centres, that is, spaces designated by companies to store, prepare and distribute their products. In other words, logistics centres are warehouses that have been adapted and modernised to be able to take on more logistics tasks, such as the receipt, internal transport, storage, preparation and distribution of goods.

In this article, we’ll delve into the twofold definition of a logistics centre, its functions and the various types that exist.

Logistics centres as a logistics activities zone

Logistics activity centres are areas in which business activities are carried out. They are specially prepared to perform logistics tasks. Generally speaking, these types of logistics facilities are located near one or various transport hubs so as to facilitate the movement of the goods.

These large installations were created as a result of the changes experienced by the supply chain over the past few decades, which has been further accentuated by the e-commerce boom.

This transformation of the model has made it necessary to reconfigure logistics spaces and create large areas in which various providers can centralise all operations related to goods storage, distribution and transport on both a national and international level. All of this is aimed at fomenting productivity and lowering costs.

Types of logistics activity centres

When we talk about these kinds of facilities as areas within cities, there are several varieties, depending on the particular tasks they carry out and their location. In general, they can be classified as:

Port-centric logistics zones: these are infrastructures related to port-, maritime-, or river-based activity. The main feature of port-centric logistics zones is their prime geographic location, close to the ocean/sea and offering intermodal logistics with good air, sea and/or land connections.
Freight villages: in these areas, various transport, logistics and distribution activities are clustered together. As opposed to port-centric logistics zones, these facilities primarily provide freight-related transport services. They are commonly found in the vicinity of urban areas, as they supply products to customers in major cities.
Logistics hubs: these are the epicentre in which all activities linked to goods transport, logistics and distribution are carried out by different providers. They stand out for their large size and privileged location.
Logistics platforms: these comprise specialised logistics areas with the necessary elements for streamlining goods transport, storage and dispatch. These centres don’t house any type of production process, as they are limited to managing products from their entry to their exit.
Industrial parks: as opposed to logistics platforms, these installations can be equipped with an area where manufactured goods are handled.

Logistics centres as distribution centres

Logistics centres are also commonly referred to as a form of warehouse (in contrast with an area comprising the logistics activity of various companies in one city, as explained in the section above). In this sense, logistics or distribution centres are spaces in which products are stored, orders are prepared, and, subsequently, dispatches are organised for distribution to both retail and wholesale businesses. Tasks related to the supply chain are fulfilled in these places: goods receipt, internal transport, storage, preparation and distribution.

The various elements coexisting in the Luís Simões logistics center (in Cabanillas de Campo, Spain) were previously designed down to the last detail to maximize the installation’s productivity — The various elements coexisting in the Luís Simões logistics centre (in Cabanillas de Campo, Spain) were previously designed down to the last detail to maximise the installation’s productivity

To carry out all these operations, logistics centres require the space to be optimised and designed so that the storage, picking, loading and unloading areas, and even the offices are in sync. Likewise, logistics centres rely on latest-generation technology. They’re equipped with automated storage solutions and handling equipment, as well as IT systems capable of monitoring thousands of goods in real time.

Efficient logistics centres are able to add value to the supply chain. There are three factors that help us to define the characteristics of logistics centres as well as their competitiveness:

Size: the larger the surface area, the greater the capacity and the more complex the internal goods transport will be. It’s best to find a balance between the space and the storage capacity required.
Design: to conduct the various operations, logistics centres have one or more storage systems, pieces of handling equipment, loading docks and offices. The layout of those elements should be as optimised and flexible as possible to be able to respond quickly to any need.
Location: the location of the logistics centre has an effect not only on a construction level, but also, and especially, in the strategic sense. The spot chosen will depend on four basic factors: type of product stored, infrastructure costs, order demand and competition.

Logistics centre functions

The mission of a logistics centre, in terms of a single installation, is to store, prepare and distribute products to retail and wholesale businesses in the most effective way. It does all of this with a view to improving supply chain throughput.

The work of logistics centres goes beyond mere goods storage, as they participate directly in the following supply chain processes:

Goods receipt: every day, these facilities receive products from production centres and other suppliers. Proper organisation of the loading area is the key to an efficient centre.
Storage: after checking the goods, they are deposited in the corresponding storage systems, based on their characteristics and turnover.
Internal transport: flows of goods must be as agile as possible. It’s essential to devise optimal routes so that automated and manual handling equipment operate at full capacity in the logistics centre.
Picking: this is the most important yet complex activity carried out in these facilities. Optimising picking routes raises productivity and brings down costs for companies.
Stock management: knowing the status of all SKUs in the warehouse in real time is fundamental for preventing errors that could impede the installation from functioning correctly.
Dispatch: orders are distributed to retail and wholesale customers alike.

Difference between warehouses and logistics centres

The main difference between a warehouse and a logistics centre as a storage installation lies in the activity and operations that take place in them.

In the beginning, there was no considerable difference between a warehouse and a logistics centre, since they served the same purpose: to store the largest amount of goods possible. Over time, the vast majority of installations have turned into logistics centres. They not only store products, but also participate in all activities linked to the supply chain.

Therefore, logistics centres are equipped with all the essential elements for conducting inventory control, order preparation and packaging, internal goods transport and distribution. They even have offices to supervise all of those operations to ensure they are being carried out correctly.

Loosely speaking, we can say that traditional warehouses gave rise to today’s logistics centres, which have more operations, increased efficiency and greater participation in the supply chain.

Logistics Centres 4.0

The predominance of big data and the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionising the supply chain. Logistics 4.0 is already a reality, so it’s becoming more and more common to talk about Logistics Centres 4.0.

Logistics Centers 4.0 rely on technology to achieve a more efficient and controlled throughput across the entire supply chain — Logistics Centres 4.0 rely on technology to achieve a more efficient and controlled throughput across the entire supply chain

Nowadays, logistics centres functioning as warehouses maintain minimal inventories of high-turnover items and provide immediate service. To raise efficiency and remain competitive, many companies choose to implement cutting-edge technology in their installations.

Likewise, Logistics Centres 4.0 not only digitalise their processes, but also leverage continuous information flows, data analytics and intelligent machine control, among other tactics. They have IT systems that can monitor millions of items in real time, as well as storage systems and automated handling equipment that perform multiple tasks automatically.

The implementation of all this technology is also gaining ground in logistics centres in terms of activity areas. The huge amount of movements produced in a logistics activities area or hub make automation vital for attaining that much sought-after competitiveness. In the end, the objective of logistics zones and distribution centres is clear: to anticipate changes in demand and meet customers’ new needs as quickly as possible.